How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (2024)

Josephine Baker (left), Mollie Moon (right) and the newly crowned Miss Beaux Arts Ball, 1960. E. Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins hide caption

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E. Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (2)

Josephine Baker (left), Mollie Moon (right) and the newly crowned Miss Beaux Arts Ball, 1960.

E. Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts/Detroit Public Library/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

When we think of the Civil Rights Movement, opulent parties are probably not the first thing that come to mind. But it turns out, they were a big part of the fight for racial justice — especially the events organized by Black socialite Mollie Moon in the 1940s, '50s and '60s.

Known as one of the most influential women of the civil rights era, Moon served as president of the fundraising arm of the National Urban League and is credited with raising millions to build economic and racial equality in the U.S. But historian Tanisha Ford says she only heard of Moon accidentally, while doing research for another project.

"I stumbled across the name Mollie Moon in the newspaper clippings of the early 1960s. ... She was hosting this amazing beauty pageant that celebrated the beauty of Black women," Ford says. "So I just tucked her name in the back of my mind and thought, 'I'm going to write something about this woman.' "

As Ford gathered press clippings about Moon, she realized there was a larger story to be told, "one that made people aware of this great leader of the Civil Rights Movement who had fallen out of the narrative."

Moon's New York City parties attracted stars like Billie Holiday and Josephine Baker, as well as wealthy white donors, Black elites and working class Black people. But Moon faced criticism from activists who were skeptical of taking money from rich white liberals.

"What African Americans feared was that that kind of influence would then steer the movement away from the issues that African Americans cared about and ... toward issues that felt safe for white Americans," Ford says.

Ford notes that debates about money, influence and social justice are still relevant today. But, she adds, fundraising is a crucial — and often-overlooked — part of the Civil Rights Movement.

"I have found that once I started to turn my attention to the money, that this story humanizes these people even more, and it makes the stakes of movement building all the more clear," Ford says.

Ford's new book is Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamor, Money and Power Behind the Civil Rights Movement.

Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamour, Money, and Power Behind the Civil Rights Movement, by Tanisha Ford Harper Collins hide caption

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Harper Collins

How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (5)

Our Secret Society: Mollie Moon and the Glamour, Money, and Power Behind the Civil Rights Movement, by Tanisha Ford

Harper Collins

Interview highlights

On Moon's celebrity-packed parties

These parties, by all accounts, were fabulous. Her signature event was the Beaux Arts Ball. She would host that event every year since 1940, and it was an event that started off in Harlem at the Savoy Ballroom and then moved in the 1960s, the early 1960s, to the Astoria Hotel in midtown New York. And these events brought together all sorts of people, as you mentioned, everybody from weary subway workers and domestic laborers to titans of industry, including the Rockefeller family, people like Billie Holiday. Katherine Dunham at one point was a sponsor for the event. I even found in the records where she had invited the Duke and Duchess — the former king of England [Edward VIII] and Wallis Simpson — to be judges for the costumed affair portion of the Beaux Arts Ball.

On the programs funded by the National Urban League

They were funding everything from voter registration drives to things like the March on Washington, but also Black youth programs. Mollie Moon's degree was in pharmacy, and before she went into social work, which became her long-term career, she had a dream of becoming a biology teacher. So she was deeply invested in what today we call STEM. And so a lot of the funds went toward funding Black youth, for them to have educational programs. And then other things funded journalists. So their fundraising efforts funded a wide array of social-justice oriented, racial-equality-minded events that have had a deep impact on community building in the African American context.

On journalist Lillian Scott's criticism of Black people networking with wealthy white liberals

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[Scott] does represent that generation of younger, more radical Black journalists who are saying, "Hey, wait a minute. We have to remember that the wealth that the Rockefellers and others of these elite families who are clamoring to support the National Urban League have amassed has come from a system of slavery." ... And Lillian Scott was saying we should not be seduced by the fancy gowns and invitations to party in the Rainbow Room because African Americans, by and large, are still living in abject poverty in this nation. And a fancy party is not going to undo generations of economic disparities. So she ... would use her column in the Chicago Defender to talk about these issues of race and class and gender and really discuss them in a complex way, but using the cheeky form of the society pages to do it. So her columns are a true gem in terms of understanding the nuances of these race and class dynamics in the mid-20th century.

On the criticism of white philanthropy — then and now

One of the concerns then, that remains now, is that there shouldn't be an accumulation of wealth to begin with, but that even funneled into movements that oftentimes creates a kind of stagnation where the money isn't being then redistributed to the communities that need it most. So there is a structural issue in terms of how we even approach fundraising for the movement: Who gets the money and what kind of time period is considered acceptable for the money to be redistributed to Black communities? So that concern was definitely there.

Tanisha Ford is a professor of history at The City University of New York. Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins hide caption

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Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (8)

Tanisha Ford is a professor of history at The City University of New York.

Darcy Rogers/Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

The other piece of that is, well, once the moment passes, if we have become dependent upon this white hand of philanthropy, then what do we do then when white people decide that they no longer want to give this money to our cause? And this is another thing that we've seen play out in the present moment, where in 2020 there was a surplus of money being given to organizations like BLM and the National Urban League and the NAACP, who received even more money than BLM did, to be clear. But what happens in 2021, 2022, 2023, where we start to see a retrenchment in terms of the kinds of money that's being given to racial justice, almost to the point now where saying "racial justice" is like a dirty word, even though it was so en vogue just a couple of years ago?

On the lesson of Moon's life

A photograph of Mollie Virgil Lewis (Mollie Moon), circa 1926. Henry Lee Moon Family Photographs, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins hide caption

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Henry Lee Moon Family Photographs, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (10)

A photograph of Mollie Virgil Lewis (Mollie Moon), circa 1926.

Henry Lee Moon Family Photographs, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio./Amistad imprint of Harper Collins

The longer I sat with Mollie Moon's archive — with her letters, with her personal keepsakes, looking at photographs of her — I realized just how brave this woman had to be to be so unapologetically herself in a time period where Black people were being persecuted daily, for the color of their skin. And if there is anything that I think Mollie Moon would want us to know, it is that every human being on this earth deserves to be able to walk in the fullness of themselves in the fullness of their humanity. And I think that her mission of Black joy, a Black joy that so contagious that everyone in the world would benefit from that kind of joy, is one that really resonates today. That if we could just step outside of ourselves long enough to recognize the suffering of someone else and be willing to sacrifice something of ourselves, whether that be a small dollar financial offering, whether it be volunteering our time, whether it be calling a congressperson, that if we were willing to do that for someone else, then we have the power to make the kind of change that we need to see in this world.

Heidi Saman and Seth Kelley produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the web.

How Black socialite Mollie Moon raised millions to fund the civil rights movement (2024)

FAQs

How did the civil rights movement contribute to the women's movement? ›

Advancing women's liberation was not limited to women's attempts to be included in Civil Rights legislation, women also adopted some of the popular participatory tactics of the Civil Rights movement. Women found value in Civil Rights tactics such as sit-ins, marches, grassroots campaigns, and consciousness-raising.

Who is Molly Moon black activist? ›

Known as one of the most influential women of the civil rights era, Moon served as president of the fundraising arm of the National Urban League and is credited with raising millions to build economic and racial equality in the U.S. But historian Tanisha Ford says she only heard of Moon accidentally, while doing ...

How did civil rights activists bring the movement to national attention and how did the movement evolve? ›

Resistance to racial segregation and discrimination with strategies such as civil disobedience, nonviolent resistance, marches, protests, boycotts, “freedom rides,” and rallies received national attention as newspaper, radio, and television reporters and cameramen documented the struggle to end racial inequality.

What factors contributed to the rise of the civil rights movement? ›

The major event that led to the civil rights movement was slavery, followed by Reconstruction, then by the end of Reconstruction and the imposition of Jim Crow.

Which woman helped start the Civil Rights Movement? ›

The Montgomery bus boycott galvanized the civil rights movement after Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat, leading to her arrest in 1955 and the start of a 13-month boycott of the Montgomery bus company.

Who was the black woman who stood up for their rights? ›

A simple act of defiance in 1955 ignited the modern Civil Rights Movement, earning Rosa Parks the title “mother of the civil rights movement.” As a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama and an active member of the local NAACP chapter, Parks refused to give up her seat in the assigned section for blacks in the bus to a ...

What is Molly Moon about? ›

Molly Moon, the cutest orphan who ever lived, learns how to get people to do her bidding by hypnotizing them. When she learns how to hypnotize crowds and TV audiences things really get interesting. Raffey Cassidy is very charming in the title role.

Who owns Molly Moon's? ›

It's the simple truth that led Molly Moon Neitzel to open up her first scoop shop in 2008. Once a feisty kid with a big sweet tooth and even bigger plans to change the world, Molly Moon's Homemade Ice Cream is the product of Molly's desire to create a vibrant, welcoming community gathering place for Seattlites.

Who is the black activist feminist professor associated with the Black Panther Party? ›

Angela Yvonne Davis is a prominent political activist, scholar, and author. She emerged as the leader of Communist Party USA in the 1960s and had close ties to the Black Panther Party. She has advocated for the abolishment of prisons and the prison-industrial complex.

How did the Black Power movement change the civil rights movement? ›

Stokely Carmichael set a new tone for the black freedom movement when he demanded “black power” in 1966. Drawing on long traditions of racial pride and black nationalism, black power advocates enlarged and enhanced the accomplishments and tactics of the civil rights movement.

What sparked the civil rights movement? ›

When did the American civil rights movement start? The American civil rights movement started in the mid-1950s. A major catalyst in the push for civil rights was in December 1955, when NAACP activist Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man.

When did blacks get rights? ›

Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked a milestone in the long struggle to extend civil, political, and legal rights and protections to African Americans, including former slaves and their descendants, and to end segregation in public and private facilities.

Who contributed the most to the civil rights movement? ›

Martin Luther King, Jr.

What gains were made by the civil rights and black power movements? ›

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 hastened the end of legal Jim Crow. It secured African Americans equal access to restaurants, transportation, and other public facilities. It enabled blacks, women, and other minorities to break down barriers in the workplace.

What are the main causes of the civil rights movement? ›

The civil rights movement became necessary because of the failure of Reconstruction (1865–77), which, by way of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments, had provided constitutional guarantees of the legal and voting rights of formerly enslaved people.

What are the similarities between the Civil Rights Movement and the women's rights movement? ›

Some of the similarities they may notice include: Both groups are protesting in the nation's capital. Both groups are using banners and slogans to spread their message. Both groups appear peaceful and well mannered.

What contributed to the women's rights movement? ›

Early Women's Rights Activists Wanted Much More than Suffrage. Voting wasn't their only goal, or even their main one. They battled racism, economic oppression and sexual violence—along with the law that made married women little more than property of their husbands.

What did the Civil War do to the women's rights movement? ›

Although the Civil War temporarily disrupted the women's rights movement, women's efforts and the organizations they created laid the foundations for a stronger movement after the war.

What did the women's movement gain from the Civil Rights Movement quizlet? ›

Before the 1960s, there were no federal laws prohibiting gender discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, however, gave feminists a legal tool. It included a clause, called Title VII, that outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex.

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